一个bout This Program
Our Doctor of Podiatric Medicine program equips you with the knowledge and skills needed to diagnose, treat and prevent foot and ankle disorders. With a comprehensive curriculum, state-of-the-art facilities and experienced faculty, you'll be prepared to make a difference in patients' lives.Read more...
Contact Information
- Program Coordinator:一个ngela Dessables|adessabl@kent.edu| 216-916-7487
- 一个shley Butler|abutle27@kent.edu| 216-916-7486
- Connect with an Admissions Counselor:U.S. Student|International Student
Program Delivery
- Delivery:
- In person
- Location:
- Independence, Ohio
Examples of Possible Careers
- Foot and Ankle Physician
一个ccreditation
The D.P.M. degree in Podiatric Medicine is accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education (CPME) of the American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA).
For more information about graduate admissions, visit thegraduate admission website. For more information on international admissions, visit theinternational admission website.
一个dmission Requirements
- Minimum 90 semester credit hours (or minimum 135 quarter hours) of undergraduate coursework, including the following prerequisites:
- 6 semester credit hours (or 9 quarter credit hours) of English
- 8 semester credit hours (or 12 quarter credit hours)eachof biology, physics, organic chemistry and general/inorganic chemistry1
- Official transcript(s)
- Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)2or Dental Admission Test (DAT) scores
- Two letters of recommendation - one an academic letter or a composite letter from a pre-medical advisory committee, and one a letter from a practicing doctor of podiatric medicine
- English language proficiency - all international students must provide proof of English language proficiency (unless they meet specific exceptions) by earning one of the following:
- Minimum 587 TOEFL PBT score
- Minimum 94 TOEFL IBT score
- Minimum 82 MELAB score
- Minimum 7.0 IELTS score
- Minimum 65 PTE score
- Minimum 120 Duolingo English score
Nearly all of entering D.P.M. students will have earned a bachelor’s or advanced degree prior to matriculation; however, students may be granted admission with the required undergraduate coursework (90 semester credit hours or 135 quarter credit hours) and prerequisites completed.
- 1
-
一个ll science coursework must include labs, when applicable. In addition, the following classes are recommended: biochemistry, histology, anatomy and physiology, neurobiology and microbiology.
- 2
-
Scores must be within three years of the application date. Candidates may apply to the D.P.M. degree before taking the MCAT; however, the college will not be able to take final admissions action until official MCAT scores are received by the application service (AACPMAS). Candidates should plan on taking the MCAT no later than May of the year they plan to matriculate.
Technical Standards and Essential Requirements for Student Education at Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine.
The College of Podiatric Medicine is committed to the admission and advancement of all qualified students. College policy prohibits discrimination against anyone solely based on race, sexual orientation, gender, veteran status, color, national origin, religion, age, handicap or disability.
The faculty and administration have adopted the following technical standards and essential requirements that must be met by all students for progression and graduation. These technical standards expected of students seeking the degree of doctor of Podiatric Medicine reflect the college's highest commitment to the safety of its students and patients, and recognize the essential functions of the profession of podiatric medicine.
The following standards and requirements describe the academic abilities and non-academic qualifications that are essential to the program of instruction, are directly related to the licensing requirements, and are directly related to those physical abilities, mental abilities, skills, attitudes and behaviors that students must demonstrate or perform at each stage of their education to ultimately ensure patient safety.
- Visual observation and integration:Candidates and students must have sufficient vision to observe demonstrations, video materials, and slides through a microscope and computer screens. They must acquire information from written documents, radiographs, photographs, charts and diagrams. They must be able to observe a patient accurately close at hand and at a distance to assess asymmetry, range of motion and tissue/texture changes.
- Communication:Candidates and students must be able to communicate effectively in oral and written formats, and in settings where time span is limited. This includes communication in clinical and laboratory settings. Candidates must be able to accurately elicit information in a timely and efficient manner. Candidates must be able to describe a patient's condition to the patient and to others in the diagnosis and treatment process.
- Other sensory capacities:Students must independently be able to take an oral history, do stethoscopy and communicate while wearing a surgical mask. Students must also have sufficient somatosensory capacity to palpate pulses, use a tuning fork and assess skin temperature.
- Motor functions:Candidates and students must have sufficient motor function reasonably required to undertake classes, laboratories and demonstrations, to provide general patient care as well as emergency treatment to patients. This includes cadaver dissection, microscopy, aseptic technique and safe handling of microbiological specimens. Also included is the motor capacity for chart and prescription writing, palpation, percussion, auscultation and other diagnostic maneuvers. All of these tasks must be done in a timely and efficient manner within prescribed time limitations relative to the context of a practicing physician. Examples of common daily treatments include, but are not limited to, palliative care of foot and ankle problems, injections, orthotic impressions, taking and processing of pedal radiographs, and performance of soft tissue and osseous tissue surgical procedures. Examples of emergency treatments include CPR, administration of intravenous medications, the opening of obstructed airways, and hemostasis techniques.
- Intellectual, conceptual, quantitative and integrative abilities:候选人必须有足够的认知abilities and effective learning techniques to assimilate the detailed and complex information presented in the medical student curriculum. Candidates must engage in critical thinking and problem solving. They must be able to learn through a variety of modalities including, but not limited to, classroom and lab instruction and exams; small group, team and collaborative activities; individual study; preparation and presentation of reports; and use of computer technology. Candidates must be able to consistently, quickly and accurately measure, calculate, interpret, reason, memorize, analyze, synthesize and transmit information across modalities. Candidates must be able to demonstrate these skills and procedures under pressure and in a timely fashion across a range of conditions and time frames. They must be able to recognize and draw conclusions under pressure and in a timely fashion across a range of conditions and time frames. They must be able to recognize and draw conclusions about three-dimensional spatial relationships and logical sequential relationships among events. These skills and abilities are fully defined by the faculty and explained in course syllabi.
- Behavioral and social attributes:候选人必须证明emoti和成熟onal stability required for full use of their intellectual abilities. They must accept responsibility for learning, exercising good judgement and promptly completing all responsibilities attendant to the diagnosis and care of patients. They must understand the legal and ethical aspects of the practice of medicine and function within both the law and ethical standards of the medical profession. Candidates must be able to work effectively, respectfully and professionally as part of the healthcare team and to interact with patients, their families, and health care personnel in a courteous, professional and respectful matter. They must be able to tolerate physically taxing workloads and long work hours, to function effectively under stress and to display flexibility and adaptability to changing environments.
- Involvement in invasive and exposure-prone procedures:Candidates and students must be qualified to be personally and actively involved in invasive and exposure-prone procedures without being a danger to patients, other health care professionals or fellow students. They must demonstrate adherence to the universal precautions as defined by the Center for Disease Control. As part of the technical standards and essential requirements to matriculate at the college, the following statement shall apply: If the student is HIV seropositive, the student may be restricted by the State Medical Board of Ohio from performing procedures required for graduation. If the student is HBV and or HCV positive and does not demonstrate non-infectivity, the student may be restricted by the State Medical Board of Ohio from performing procedures required for graduation. Any questions regarding these requirements should be directed to the senior associate dean.
一个pplication Deadline
- Fall Semester
- Final deadline: June 30
一个pplications will not be accepted after this deadline.
- Final deadline: June 30
Program Requirements
妈jor Requirements
Code | Title | Credit Hours |
---|---|---|
妈jor Requirements | ||
CMD 80326 | PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION | 3 |
CMD 80327 | HEALTHCARE LAW AND REGULATION | 3 |
GMD 80121 | PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS | 3 |
GMD 80314 | NEUROLOGY | 2 |
GMD 80315 | DERMATOLOGY | 2 |
GMD 80316 | MEDICINE I | 4 |
GMD 80326 | MEDICINE II | 4 |
GMD 80327 | BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE | 1 |
GMD 80328 | WOMEN'S HEALTH | 1 |
ORT 80131 | BIOMECHANICS I | 3 |
ORT 80132 | REHABILITATIVE MEDICINE | 2 |
ORT 80211 | BIOMECHANICS II | 2 |
ORT 80325 | SPORTS MEDICINE | 2 |
个人电脑80109 | HUMAN ANATOMY | 6 |
80110年个人电脑 | EMBRYOLOGY | 2 |
个人电脑80112 | CELL AND TISSUE | 5 |
个人电脑80113 | STAYING ALIVE | 5 |
个人电脑80118 | MEDICAL GENETICS | 2 |
个人电脑80124 | LOWER EXTREMITY ANATOMY | 8 |
个人电脑80128 | MEDICAL MICROBIO/IMMUNOLOGY | 6 |
个人电脑80121 | NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEMS | 5 |
个人电脑80122 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 3 |
个人电脑80123 | RENAL AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS | 3 |
个人电脑80230 | PRECLINICAL SCIENCES COMPETENCY | 4 |
个人电脑80218 | HUMAN SYSTEMS PATHOLOGY I | 8 |
个人电脑80219 | PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS I | 4 |
个人电脑80228 | HUMAN SYSTEMS PATHOLOGY II | 8 |
个人电脑80229 | PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS II | 4 |
PMD 80113 | MEDICAL ETHICS | 1 |
PMD 80114 | PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH | 1 |
PMD 80117 | PODIATRY, PROFESSIONALISM AND SOCIETY I | 1 |
PMD 80132 | LOW EXTREMITY ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS | 2 |
PMD 80133 | INTRODUCTION MEDICAL IMAGING | 1 |
PMD 80211 | PODIATRIC MEDICINE I | 2 |
PMD 80214 | RADIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMAGING I | 2 |
PMD 80221 | PODIATRIC MEDICINE II | 2 |
PMD 80222 | PODIATRIC MEDICAL SKILLS | 2 |
PMD 80224 | RADIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMAGING II | 2 |
PMD 80317 | PODIATRY, PROFESSIONALISM AND SOCIETY III | 1 |
PMD 80318 | PEDIATRICS | 2 |
PMD 80417 | PODIATRY, PROFESSIONALISM AND SOCIETY IV | 4 |
SUR 80221 | INTRODUCTION TO PODIATRIC SURGERY | 2 |
SUR 80313 | PODIATRIC SURGERY | 2 |
SUR 80323 | PODIATRIC SURGERY | 2 |
SUR 80325 | TRAUMATOLOGY | 2 |
Clinical Requirements | ||
Second-Year Clinical Option | 1 | |
STANDARDIZED PATIENTS ROTATION1 | ||
Third-Year Clinical Options2 | 36 | |
WOUND CARE | ||
FOOT AND ANKLE SURGERY I | ||
FOOT AND ANKLE SURGERY II | ||
SURGICAL SKILLS WORKSHOP | ||
RADIOLOGY ROTATION | ||
PODIATRIC MEDICINE/BIOMECHANICS (EUCLID) | ||
PODIATRIC MEDICINE/BIOMECHANICS (INDEPENDENCE) | ||
PRIMARY CARE/VETERANS ADMINISTRATION | ||
SIMULATED PATIENTS I | ||
SIMULATED PATIENTS II | ||
Third-Year Summer Clinical Options3 | 4-8 | |
WOUND CARE | ||
FOOT AND ANKLE SURGERY I | ||
FOOT AND ANKLE SURGERY II | ||
SURGICAL SKILLS WORKSHOP | ||
RADIOLOGY ROTATION | ||
PODIATRIC MEDICINE/BIOMECHANICS (EUCLID) | ||
PODIATRIC MEDICINE/BIOMECHANICS (INDEPENDENCE) | ||
PRIMARY CARE/VETERANS ADMINISTRATION | ||
SIMULATED PATIENTS I | ||
SIMULATED PATIENTS II | ||
SENIOR CLINICAL ROTATION | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION I | ||
SENIOR MEDICINE ROTATION I | ||
Fourth-Year Clinical Options3,4 | 28-32 | |
SENIOR CLINICAL ROTATION | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION I | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION II | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION III | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION IV | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION V | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION VI | ||
SENIOR MEDICINE ROTATION I | ||
SENIOR MEDICINE ROTATION II | ||
Fourth-Year Summer Clinical Options3,4 | 0-4 | |
SENIOR CLINICAL ROTATION | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION I | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION II | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION III | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION IV | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION V | ||
CLERKSHIP ROTATION VI | ||
SENIOR MEDICINE ROTATION I | ||
SENIOR MEDICINE ROTATION II | ||
Minimum Total Credit Hours: | 213 |
- 1
-
Students take 1 credit hour ofCLI 80200in either fall or spring semester.
- 2
-
Students take 32 credit hours of third-year clinical in either fall or spring semester and follow a class rotation.
- 3
-
Students are separated into groups with a different rotation each month. Students are permitted to take one clerkship month off as an elective month.CLI 80486andCLI 80487are elective clerkship rotations available to students who wish to gain further clinical experience on top of the required seven clerkship rotations. Please note, once a student registers for these electives, the required minimum total credit hours for the student will increase by 4 credit hours for each elective.PMD 80495may be available for students to take as an elective on top of the program requirements.
- 4
-
四年级临床,学生参加课程s not taken during their third-year summer term.
Program Notes
- Students placed in Pathway I (due to one failure on the American Podiatric Medical Licensing Examination, APMLE Part I) are required to take个人电脑80001, increasing the minimum total credit hours by 5 credit hours. Students not taking APMLE Part I on the first attempt are also required to take this course.
- Students placed in Pathway II (due to two failures on the American Podiatric Medical Licensing Examination, APMLE Part I) are required to take个人电脑80002, increasing the minimum total credit hours by 5 credit hours. Students not taking APMLE Part I on the second attempt are also required to take this course.
- GMD 80205是一个elective open to all second-year students. Please note, once students register for this course, the required minimum number of credit hours increases by one credit hour.
Progression Requirements
Students whose first semester of coursework in the D.P.M. degree is fall 2016 or later are required to meet the following minimum overall GPA during the first and second year:
- 2.500 overall GPA at the end of first year, fall semester
- 2.500 overall GPA at the end of first year, spring semester
- 2.500 overall GPA at the end of first year, summer term
- 2.500 overall GPA at the end of second year, fall semester
- 2.400 overall GPA at the end of second year, spring semester
Students falling below the minimum overall GPA following their first year (fall, spring and summer) or their second year (fall semester) are required to participate in mandatory academic counseling. Students below the minimum 2.400 overall GPA at the end of their second year (spring semester) will be academically dismissed with the right to appeal for reinstatement, provided that the student has not previously been dismissed (academic or otherwise) from the College of Podiatric Medicine.
Graduation Requirements
Minimum Major GPA | Minimum Overall GPA |
---|---|
- | 2.400 |
一个candidate for the degree of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine must have:
- 妈intained satisfactory academic performance with no grade below a C or S (satisfactory)
- Demonstrated clinical competence through completion of the performance objectives
- Been verified as being in good disciplinary standing
- Satisfactorily completed all academic requirements, including clinical rotations and externship/clerkship program requirements
- Fulfilled all responsibilities and financial obligations to the college and university
- Demonstrated moral and mental competency to practice podiatric medicine
- Taken and passed the American Podiatric Medical Licensing Examination (APMLE) Part I, and have taken both sections of Part II (written examination and the Clinical Skills Encounter-CSPE examination) and released the score reports to the college
一个ttendance at the graduation ceremony is required for the degree.To be eligible for graduation in May, candidates must have met all of the above requirements by the conclusion of their fourth-year summer term.
一个ll students must successfully complete the graduation requirements within six academic years of their initial matriculation. Exceptions for students with extenuating circumstances must have the approval of the Council on Podiatric Medical education (CPME).
There is no contract stated or implied, between the college and the students that a degree will be conferred at any stated time, or at all.
Roadmap
This roadmap is a recommended semester-by-semester plan of study for this major.
First Year | ||
---|---|---|
Fall Semester | Credits | |
个人电脑80109 | HUMAN ANATOMY | 6 |
80110年个人电脑 | EMBRYOLOGY | 2 |
个人电脑80112 | CELL AND TISSUE | 5 |
个人电脑80113 | STAYING ALIVE | 5 |
个人电脑80118 | MEDICAL GENETICS | 2 |
PMD 80113 | MEDICAL ETHICS | 1 |
PMD 80114 | PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH | 1 |
PMD 80117 | PODIATRY, PROFESSIONALISM AND SOCIETY I | 1 |
Credit Hours | 23 | |
Spring Semester | ||
个人电脑80121 | NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEMS | 5 |
个人电脑80122 | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 3 |
个人电脑80123 | RENAL AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS | 3 |
个人电脑80124 | LOWER EXTREMITY ANATOMY | 8 |
个人电脑80128 | MEDICAL MICROBIO/IMMUNOLOGY | 6 |
Credit Hours | 25 | |
Summer Term | ||
ORT 80131 | BIOMECHANICS I | 3 |
ORT 80132 | REHABILITATIVE MEDICINE | 2 |
PMD 80132 | LOW EXTREMITY ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS | 2 |
PMD 80133 | INTRODUCTION MEDICAL IMAGING | 1 |
Credit Hours | 8 | |
Second Year | ||
Fall Semester | ||
GMD 80121 | PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS | 3 |
个人电脑80218 | HUMAN SYSTEMS PATHOLOGY I | 8 |
个人电脑80219 | PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS I | 4 |
ORT 80211 | BIOMECHANICS II | 2 |
PMD 80211 | PODIATRIC MEDICINE I | 2 |
PMD 80214 | RADIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMAGING I | 2 |
Second Year Clinical Option | 0-1 | |
Credit Hours | 21 | |
Spring Semester | ||
个人电脑80228 | HUMAN SYSTEMS PATHOLOGY II | 8 |
个人电脑80229 | PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS II | 4 |
个人电脑80230 | PRECLINICAL SCIENCES COMPETENCY | 4 |
PMD 80221 | PODIATRIC MEDICINE II | 2 |
PMD 80222 | PODIATRIC MEDICAL SKILLS | 2 |
PMD 80224 | RADIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMAGING II | 2 |
SUR 80221 | INTRODUCTION TO PODIATRIC SURGERY | 2 |
Second Year Clinical Option | 0-1 | |
Credit Hours | 25 | |
Third Year | ||
Fall Semester | ||
GMD 80314 | NEUROLOGY | 2 |
GMD 80315 | DERMATOLOGY | 2 |
GMD 80316 | MEDICINE I | 4 |
GMD 80327 | BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE | 1 |
GMD 80328 | WOMEN'S HEALTH | 1 |
PMD 80318 | PEDIATRICS | 2 |
SUR 80313 | PODIATRIC SURGERY | 2 |
Third Year Clinical Options | 0-32 | |
Credit Hours | 46 | |
Spring Semester | ||
CMD 80326 | PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION | 3 |
CMD 80327 | HEALTHCARE LAW AND REGULATION | 3 |
GMD 80326 | MEDICINE II | 4 |
ORT 80325 | SPORTS MEDICINE | 2 |
PMD 80317 | PODIATRY, PROFESSIONALISM AND SOCIETY III | 1 |
SUR 80323 | PODIATRIC SURGERY | 2 |
SUR 80325 | TRAUMATOLOGY | 2 |
Third Year Clinical Options | 0-32 | |
Credit Hours | 17 | |
Summer Term | ||
Third Year Summer Clinical Options | 8-12 | |
Credit Hours | 8 | |
Fourth Year | ||
Fall Semester | ||
Fourth Year Fall Semester Clinical Rotation Options | 12-16 | |
Credit Hours | 16 | |
Spring Semester | ||
Fourth Year Spring Semester Clinical Rotation Options | 12-16 | |
Credit Hours | 16 | |
Summer Term | ||
PMD 80417 | PODIATRY, PROFESSIONALISM AND SOCIETY IV | 4 |
Fourth Year Summer Clinical Options | 0-4 | |
Credit Hours | 8 | |
Minimum Total Credit Hours: | 213 |
Program Learning Outcomes
The following educational outcomes will be attained as a result of the cumulative effect of both didactic instruction in preclinical courses and clinical courses, as well as clinical experiences afforded through clinical rotations and clerkship experiences. The goal is to prepare the graduate for successful entry into postdoctoral training program.
- To have an appreciation of the ethical responsibilities of the physician to his or her patient.
- Demonstrate an understanding of medical statistics, epidemiology and research methods.
- Diagnose common foot and ankle pathology utilizing signs, symptoms, differential diagnosis, laboratory and X-ray evaluations; and discuss treatment alternatives available in each diagnosis, including the following:
- Hallux valgus
- Hallux limits
- Contracted and deformed lesser digits
- Hyperpronation on hindfoot
- Hypersupination of hindfoot
- Morton's Neuroma
- Capsulitis of forefoot
- Tendonitis/bursitis
- Heel Spur syndrome
- Nail deformities (Onychomycosis)
- Verruca
- Stress fracture
- Ulcers
- Bacterial infections
- Fungal infections
- 一个nkle sprains
- Plantar calluses
- Degenerative joint disease
- Gouty arthritis
- Rigid flatfoot
- To have an understanding of the medical, social, economic, ethnic and cultural issues and concerns of the geriatric population.
- To have an appreciation of civil, criminal and administrative laws that impact podiatric practice.
- To have knowledge of podiatric practice administration.
- To have an understanding of the public health issues that impact podiatric practice.
- To be able to provide podiatric primary care in a clinical setting.
- Is proficient in the ability to perform a history and basic physical examination, including the lower extremity.
- Recognize the common major dermatologic conditions, and manage pedal dermatological problems.
- Be knowledgeable of the major systemic diseases, their pedal manifestations and implication in the management of the podiatric patient.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the pathology, clinical presentation and treatment of general neurological disease, and understand the pedal manifestations of neurological diseases.
- Understand common emergent medical problems and their management.
- 一个bility to perform a complete podiatric biomechanical arthrometric examination, and interpret the results.
- Prescribe and institute orthotic or other mechanical therapy (physical therapy, activity modification, exercise therapy, shoe therapy, etc.), based upon findings of a podiatric biomechanical arthrometric examination.
- Evaluate, diagnose, prescribe and institute treatment for commonly encountered and mechanically induced injuries or conditions occurring in the lower extremity.
- Perform a complete lower extremity examination on pediatric/aged patient, comparing developmental milestones to the norm, and identifying common lower extremity injuries and conditions.
- Be able to evaluate medical status of a pre-op patient, and recognize and prepare treatment plan for common post-op complications.
- Understand concepts of wound healing (both soft tissue and bone), and utilize those concepts to evaluate and manage surgical wounds.
- Understand and perform basic surgical skills, including administration of local anesthetics, aseptic techniques, instrumentation, homeostasis techniques suture materials and needle selection, suturing, hand ties, tourniquets application and gowning and gloving.
- Understand concepts necessary to determine the indications for forefoot and rearfoot surgical reconstruction procedure, including:
- Pre-operative evaluation and procedure selection.
- Description of the procedure.
- Reasonable postoperative follow-up plan.
- Recognize various types of foot and ankle trauma, including fractures, dislocations, sprains, tendon ruptures, and formulates a treatment plan.
- Recognize and implement treatment plan for soft tissue or bone infection, including surgical procedure and selection of antibiotic agents.
Full Description
The Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree prepares students for the podiatric medicine field. The podiatric physician is a health professional who is involved with examination, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders by physical, medical and surgical means. A podiatric medicine doctor is trained to detect the signs of systemic disease which may appear first in the lower extremity, such as diabetes or circulatory disorders. When such diagnoses are made, the podiatric physician consults with the patient's family doctor concerning the systemic disease.
一个career in podiatric medicine can include the areas of primary care, surgery, orthopedics, sports medicine, geriatrics and pediatrics.